نشریه علمی - فرهنگی میزبان نهایی (شماره دوم)_مقاله انگلیسی سوم

Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract on Trichomonas gallinae

Abstract

Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes avian trichomoniasis, a disease of significant concern in domestic pigeons, raptors, and various wild bird species worldwide. The disease is characterized by caseous lesions in the upper digestive tract and can lead to high morbidity and mortality, particularly in young birds. Currently, nitroimidazole drugs such as metronidazole and ronidazole are the primary therapeutic agents; however, increasing reports of drug resistance and growing concerns regarding chemical residues in food-producing animals have prompted the search for safe and effective alternative treatments. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been extensively recognized for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and immunomodulatory properties, mainly attributed to organosulfur compounds such as allicin. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated promising anti-trichomonas activity of garlic extract against T. gallinae. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the biology of T. gallinae, the bioactive constituents of garlic, the antiprotozoal efficacy of garlic extract against T. gallinae, and the proposed mechanisms of action, while highlighting the potential of garlic as a complementary or alternative therapeutic agent in avian trichomoniasis management.