نشریه علمی - فرهنگی میزبان نهایی (شماره دوم)_مقاله انگلیسی دوم

Theileriosis in Large Ruminants: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Control

Abstract

Theileriosis is one of the most economically devastating tick-borne diseases affecting large ruminants worldwide. Caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites of the genus Theileria, particularly T. annulata and T. parva, the disease results in significant morbidity, mortality, and production losses in cattle and buffalo populations across Africa, Asia, and southern Europe. The parasites are transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genera Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus and undergo a complex life cycle involving both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Clinical manifestations range from subclinical carrier states to fatal lymphoproliferative disease. Advances in molecular diagnostics, vaccine development, and integrated tick control strategies have improved disease management, yet theileriosis remains a major constraint to livestock productivity in endemic regions. This review summarizes current knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and control of theileriosis in large ruminants based on open-access literature.